Enable multi-factor authentication
Create the multi-factor management flow

Build a custom flow for managing TOTP-based multi-factor authentication

Warning

This guide is for users who want to build a custom user interface using the Clerk API. To use a prebuilt UI, use the Account Portal pages or prebuilt components.

Multi-factor verification (MFA) is an added layer of security that requires users to provide a second verification factor to access an account.

One of the options that Clerk supports for MFA is Authenticator applications (also known as TOTP - Time-based One-time Password). This guide will walk you through how to build a custom flow that allows users to manage their TOTP settings.

Tip

To learn how to build a custom flow for managing SMS MFA, see the dedicated guide.

Enable multi-factor authentication

For your users to be able to enable MFA for their account, you need to enable MFA as an MFA authentication strategy in your Clerk application.

In the Clerk Dashboard, navigate to the Multi-factor page.
Enable Authenticator application and Backup codes.
Select Save.

Create the multi-factor management flow

Next.js

Expo

This example is written for Next.js App Router but it can be adapted for any React meta framework, such as Remix.

This example consists of two pages:

The main page where users can manage their MFA settings
The page where users can add TOTP MFA.

Use the following tabs to view the code necessary for each page.

Manage MFA page

Add TOTP page

app/account/manage-mfa/page.tsx

'use client'

import * as React from 'react'
import { useUser } from '@clerk/nextjs'
import Link from 'next/link'
import { BackupCodeResource } from '@clerk/types'

// If TOTP is enabled, provide the option to disable it
const TotpEnabled = () => {
  const { user } = useUser()

  const disableTOTP = async () => {
    await user?.disableTOTP()
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <p>
        TOTP via authentication app enabled - <button onClick={() => disableTOTP()}>Remove</button>
      </p>
    </div>
  )
}

// If TOTP is disabled, provide the option to enable it
const TotpDisabled = () => {
  return (
    <div>
      <p>
        Add TOTP via authentication app -{' '}
        <Link href="/account/manage-mfa/add">
          <button>Add</button>
        </Link>
      </p>
    </div>
  )
}

// Generate and display backup codes
export function GenerateBackupCodes() {
  const { user } = useUser()
  const [backupCodes, setBackupCodes] = React.useState<BackupCodeResource | undefined>(undefined)

  const [loading, setLoading] = React.useState(false)

  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (backupCodes) {
      return
    }

    setLoading(true)
    void user
      ?.createBackupCode()
      .then((backupCode: BackupCodeResource) => {
        setBackupCodes(backupCode)
        setLoading(false)
      })
      .catch((err) => {
        // See https://clerk.com/docs/custom-flows/error-handling
        // for more info on error handling
        console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2))
        setLoading(false)
      })
  }, [])

  if (loading) {
    return <p>Loading...</p>
  }

  if (!backupCodes) {
    return <p>There was a problem generating backup codes</p>
  }

  return (
    <ol>
      {backupCodes.codes.map((code, index) => (
        <li key={index}>{code}</li>
      ))}
    </ol>
  )
}

export default function ManageMFA() {
  const { isLoaded, user } = useUser()
  const [showNewCodes, setShowNewCodes] = React.useState(false)

  if (!isLoaded) return null

  if (!user) {
    return <p>You must be logged in to access this page</p>
  }

  return (
    <>
      <h1>User MFA Settings</h1>

      {/* Manage TOTP MFA */}
      {user.totpEnabled ? <TotpEnabled /> : <TotpDisabled />}

      {/* Manage backup codes */}
      {user.backupCodeEnabled && user.twoFactorEnabled && (
        <div>
          <p>
            Generate new backup codes? -{' '}
            <button onClick={() => setShowNewCodes(true)}>Generate</button>
          </p>
        </div>
      )}
      {showNewCodes && (
        <>
          <GenerateBackupCodes />
          <button onClick={() => setShowNewCodes(false)}>Done</button>
        </>
      )}
    </>
  )
}

app/account/manage-mfa/add/page.tsx

'use client'

import { useUser } from '@clerk/nextjs'
import { TOTPResource } from '@clerk/types'
import Link from 'next/link'
import * as React from 'react'
import { QRCodeSVG } from 'qrcode.react'
import { GenerateBackupCodes } from '../page'

type AddTotpSteps = 'add' | 'verify' | 'backupcodes' | 'success'

type DisplayFormat = 'qr' | 'uri'

function AddTotpScreen({
  setStep,
}: {
  setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>>
}) {
  const { user } = useUser()
  const [totp, setTOTP] = React.useState<TOTPResource | undefined>(undefined)
  const [displayFormat, setDisplayFormat] = React.useState<DisplayFormat>('qr')

  React.useEffect(() => {
    void user
      ?.createTOTP()
      .then((totp: TOTPResource) => {
        setTOTP(totp)
      })
      .catch((err) =>
        // See https://clerk.com/docs/custom-flows/error-handling
        // for more info on error handling
        console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2)),
      )
  }, [])

  return (
    <>
      <h1>Add TOTP MFA</h1>

      {totp && displayFormat === 'qr' && (
        <>
          <div>
            <QRCodeSVG value={totp?.uri || ''} size={200} />
          </div>
          <button onClick={() => setDisplayFormat('uri')}>Use URI instead</button>
        </>
      )}
      {totp && displayFormat === 'uri' && (
        <>
          <div>
            <p>{totp.uri}</p>
          </div>
          <button onClick={() => setDisplayFormat('qr')}>Use QR Code instead</button>
        </>
      )}
      <button onClick={() => setStep('add')}>Reset</button>

      <p>Once you have set up your authentication app, verify your code</p>
      <button onClick={() => setStep('verify')}>Verify</button>
    </>
  )
}

function VerifyTotpScreen({
  setStep,
}: {
  setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>>
}) {
  const { user } = useUser()
  const [code, setCode] = React.useState('')

  const verifyTotp = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    try {
      await user?.verifyTOTP({ code })
      setStep('backupcodes')
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2))
    }
  }

  return (
    <>
      <h1>Verify TOTP</h1>
      <form onSubmit={(e) => verifyTotp(e)}>
        <label htmlFor="totp-code">Enter the code from your authentication app</label>
        <input type="text" id="totp-code" onChange={(e) => setCode(e.currentTarget.value)} />
        <button type="submit">Verify code</button>
        <button onClick={() => setStep('add')}>Reset</button>
      </form>
    </>
  )
}

function BackupCodeScreen({
  setStep,
}: {
  setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>>
}) {
  return (
    <>
      <h1>Verification was a success!</h1>
      <div>
        <p>
          Save this list of backup codes somewhere safe in case you need to access your account in
          an emergency
        </p>
        <GenerateBackupCodes />
        <button onClick={() => setStep('success')}>Finish</button>
      </div>
    </>
  )
}

function SuccessScreen() {
  return (
    <>
      <h1>Success!</h1>
      <p>You have successfully added TOTP MFA via an authentication application.</p>
    </>
  )
}

export default function AddMFaScreen() {
  const [step, setStep] = React.useState<AddTotpSteps>('add')
  const { isLoaded, user } = useUser()

  if (!isLoaded) return null

  if (!user) {
    return <p>You must be logged in to access this page</p>
  }

  return (
    <>
      {step === 'add' && <AddTotpScreen setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'verify' && <VerifyTotpScreen setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'backupcodes' && <BackupCodeScreen setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'success' && <SuccessScreen />}
      <Link href="/account/manage-mfa">Manage MFA</Link>
    </>
  )
}

Force MFA (optional)

While Clerk does not natively enforce MFA for all users, you can implement this functionality by using clerkMiddleware() to check whether a user has MFA enabled.

The following example demonstrates how to force MFA for all users. It uses clerkMiddleware() to intercept all requests and check whether a user has MFA enabled. If the user does not have MFA enabled, clerkMiddleware() redirects them to the /mfa page where they can set up MFA.

middleware.ts

import { clerkMiddleware, createRouteMatcher } from '@clerk/nextjs/server'
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

const isMFARoute = createRouteMatcher(['/account/manage-mfa/add(.*)'])
const isSignInRoute = createRouteMatcher(['/sign-in(.*)'])

export default clerkMiddleware(async (auth, req) => {
  const { userId } = await auth()

  // Redirect to homepage if the user is signed in and on the sign-in page
  if (userId !== null && isSignInRoute(req) && !isMFARoute(req)) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/', req.url))
  }

  // Check if the user is signed in and not on the MFA page
  if (userId !== null && !isMFARoute(req)) {
    const res = await fetch(`https://api.clerk.com/v1/users/${userId}`, {
      headers: {
        Authorization: `Bearer ${process.env.CLERK_SECRET_KEY}`,
      },
    })

    const userData = await res.json()

    // Redirect to MFA setup page if MFA is not enabled
    if (userData.two_factor_enabled === false) {
      return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/account/manage-mfa/add', req.url))
    }
  }
})

export const config = {
  matcher: [
    // Skip Next.js internals and all static files, unless found in search params
    '/((?!_next|[^?]*\\.(?:html?|css|js(?!on)|jpe?g|webp|png|gif|svg|ttf|woff2?|ico|csv|docx?|xlsx?|zip|webmanifest)).*)',
    // Always run for API routes
    '/(api|trpc)(.*)',
  ],
}

Before you start

Install expo-checkbox for the UI and react-native-qr-svg for the QR code.

npm

yarn

pnpm

terminal

npm install expo-checkbox react-native-qr-svg

terminal

yarn add expo-checkbox react-native-qr-svg

terminal

pnpm add expo-checkbox react-native-qr-svg

Build the flow

To allow users to configure their MFA settings, you'll create a basic dashboard.

The following example consists of three pages:

The layout page that checks if the user is signed in
The page where users can manage their account, including their MFA settings
The page where users can add TOTP MFA

Use the following tabs to view the code necessary for each page.

Layout

Account page

Add TOTP page

Create the (dashboard) route group. This groups your account page and the "Add TOTP MFA" page.
Create a _layout.tsx file with the following code. The useAuth() hook is used to check if the user is signed in. If the user isn't signed in, they'll be redirected to the sign-in page.

app/(dashboard)/_layout.tsx

import { Redirect, Stack } from 'expo-router'
import { useAuth } from '@clerk/clerk-expo'

export default function AuthenticatedLayout() {
  const { isSignedIn } = useAuth()

  if (!isSignedIn) {
    return <Redirect href={'/sign-in'} />
  }

  return <Stack />
}

In the (dashboard) group, create an account.tsx file with the following code. This page shows users whether or not MFA is enabled, and allows them to add MFA with an authenticator app.

app/(dashboard)/account.tsx

import React from 'react'
import { useUser } from '@clerk/clerk-expo'
import { useRouter } from 'expo-router'
import { View, Text, Button, FlatList } from 'react-native'
import { BackupCodeResource } from '@clerk/types'

export default function ManageTOTPMfa() {
  const router = useRouter()
  const [backupCodes, setBackupCodes] = React.useState<BackupCodeResource | undefined>(undefined)
  const [loading, setLoading] = React.useState(false)

  const { isLoaded, user } = useUser()

  if (!isLoaded || !user) return null

  const generateBackupCodes = () => {
    setLoading(true)
    void user
      ?.createBackupCode()
      .then((backupCodes: BackupCodeResource) => {
        setBackupCodes(backupCodes)
        setLoading(false)
      })
      .catch((error) => {
        console.log('Error:', error)
        setLoading(false)
      })
  }

  const disableTOTP = async () => {
    await user.disableTOTP()
  }

  const MFAEnabled = () => {
    return (
      <View style={{ flexDirection: 'row', alignItems: 'center' }}>
        <Text>TOTP via authentication app enabled - </Text>
        <Button onPress={() => disableTOTP()} title="Remove" />
      </View>
    )
  }

  const MFADisabled = () => {
    return (
      <View style={{ flexDirection: 'row', alignItems: 'center' }}>
        <Text>Add TOTP via authentication app - </Text>
        <Button onPress={() => router.push('/add-mfa')} title="Add" />
      </View>
    )
  }

  return (
    <>
      <Text>Current MFA Settings</Text>

      <Text>Authenticator App</Text>

      {user.totpEnabled ? <MFAEnabled /> : <MFADisabled />}

      {user.backupCodeEnabled && (
        <View>
          <Text>Backup Codes</Text>
          {loading && <Text>Loading...</Text>}
          {backupCodes && !loading && (
            <FlatList
              data={backupCodes.codes}
              renderItem={(code) => <Text>{code.item}</Text>}
              keyExtractor={(item) => item}
            />
          )}
          <Button onPress={() => generateBackupCodes()} title="Regenerate Codes" />
        </View>
      )}
    </>
  )
}

In the (dashboard) group, create an add-mfa.tsx file with the following code. This page adds the functionality for generating the QR code and backup codes.

app/(dashboard)/add-mfa.tsx

import React from 'react'
import { useUser } from '@clerk/clerk-expo'
import { Link } from 'expo-router'
import { QrCodeSvg } from 'react-native-qr-svg'
import { FlatList, Button, Text, TextInput, View } from 'react-native'

import { BackupCodeResource, TOTPResource } from '@clerk/types'

type AddTotpSteps = 'add' | 'verify' | 'backupcodes' | 'success'
type DisplayFormat = 'qr' | 'uri'

function AddTOTPMfa({ setStep }: { setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>> }) {
  const [totp, setTotp] = React.useState<TOTPResource | undefined>(undefined)
  const [displayFormat, setDisplayFormat] = React.useState<DisplayFormat>('qr')
  const { user } = useUser()

  React.useEffect(() => {
    void user
      ?.createTOTP()
      .then((totp: TOTPResource) => setTotp(totp))
      .catch((err) => console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2)))
  }, [])

  return (
    <View>
      <Text>Add TOTP MFA</Text>

      {totp && displayFormat === 'qr' && (
        <>
          <View>
            <QrCodeSvg value={totp?.uri || ''} frameSize={200} />
          </View>
          <Button title="Use URI" onPress={() => setDisplayFormat('uri')} />
        </>
      )}

      {totp && displayFormat === 'uri' && (
        <>
          <View>
            <Text>{totp.uri}</Text>
          </View>
          <Button title="Use QR Code" onPress={() => setDisplayFormat('qr')} />
        </>
      )}

      <Button title="Verify" onPress={() => setStep('verify')} />
      <Button title="Reset" onPress={() => setStep('add')} />
    </View>
  )
}

function VerifyMFA({ setStep }: { setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>> }) {
  const [code, setCode] = React.useState('')

  const { user } = useUser()

  const verifyTotp = async (e: any) => {
    await user
      ?.verifyTOTP({ code })
      .then(() => setStep('backupcodes'))
      .catch((err) => console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2)))
  }

  return (
    <>
      <Text>Verify MFA</Text>
      <TextInput
        value={code}
        placeholder="Enter code"
        placeholderTextColor="#666666"
        onChangeText={(c) => setCode(c)}
      />
      <Button onPress={verifyTotp} title="Verify Code" />
      <Button onPress={() => setStep('add')} title="Reset" />
    </>
  )
}

function BackupCodes({ setStep }: { setStep: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<AddTotpSteps>> }) {
  const { user } = useUser()
  const [backupCode, setBackupCode] = React.useState<BackupCodeResource | undefined>(undefined)

  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (backupCode) {
      return
    }

    void user
      ?.createBackupCode()
      .then((backupCode: BackupCodeResource) => setBackupCode(backupCode))
      .catch((err) => console.error(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2)))
  }, [])

  return (
    <>
      <Text>Verification was a success!</Text>
      {backupCode && (
        <View>
          <Text>
            Save this list of backup codes somewhere safe in case you need to access your account in
            an emergency
          </Text>

          <FlatList
            data={backupCode.codes.map((code) => ({
              key: code,
            }))}
            renderItem={({ item }) => <Text>{item.key}</Text>}
          />

          <Button title="Finish" onPress={() => setStep('success')} />
        </View>
      )}
    </>
  )
}

function Success() {
  return (
    <>
      <Text>Success</Text>
      <Text>You successfully added TOTP MFA via an authentication application</Text>
    </>
  )
}

export default function AddMfaScreen() {
  const [step, setStep] = React.useState<AddTotpSteps>('add')

  return (
    <>
      {step === 'add' && <AddTOTPMfa setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'verify' && <VerifyMFA setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'backupcodes' && <BackupCodes setStep={setStep} />}
      {step === 'success' && <Success />}

      <Link href="/account">
        <Text>Manage MFA</Text>
      </Link>
    </>
  )
}

Edit this page on GitHub

Last updated on Dec 12, 2024

Build a custom flow for managing TOTP-based multi-factor authentication

Enable multi-factor authentication

Create the multi-factor management flow

Force MFA (optional)

Before you start

Build the flow

Feedback